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| Glossary of
Forestry Terms |
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Agroforestry
|
The combined production of both crops and trees
to maximize water efficiency. |
|
all-aged stand |
A stand where all, or
almost all, age classes of trees
represented. |
|
Allegany hardwood forest type
|
A portion of Maryland's northern hardwood forest in
which black cherry, white ash, and red oak are
dominant species. |
|
Artificial Regeneration
|
Establishing a new forest by planting seedlings or
by direct seeding (as opposed to natural
regeneration). |
| aspect |
The compass direction toward which a slope faces.
|
| association |
A collection of plants with ecologically similar
requirements, including one or more dominant species
from which the group derives a definite character.
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|
basal area (of a tree) |
The cross-sectional area of the trunk 4 1/2 feet
above the ground; (per acre) the sum of the
basal areas of the trees on an acre; used as a
measure of forest density. |
|
Best Management Practices (BMP)
|
A forestry practice or combination of practices,
determined by a state to be the most effective means
of preventing or reducing the amount of nonpoint
source pollution in order to protect streams and
water quality. Some BMP's are defined by the state's
Forest Practices Acts and their accompanying rules
and regulations. |
| Biltmore stick |
A tool calibrated to measure the diameter of a tree
at breast height. Biltmore sticks are calibrated
with different scales depending on the users' arm
length. |
| biological diversity or biodiversity |
The variety of life in all its forms and all its
levels of organization. Biodiversity refers to
diversity of genetics, species, ecosystems, and
landscapes. |
| blaze |
To mark a tree, usually by painting or cutting the
bark. Forest properties often are delineated by
blazing trees along the boundary lines.
|
| blow down |
A
tree felled by wind or tornado. Also known as
wind throws, are common among shallow-rooted species
and in areas where cutting has reduced stand
density. |
| board foot |
A
unit for measuring wood volume in a tree, log, or
board. A board foot is commonly 1 foot by 1 foot by
1 inch, but any shape containing 144 cubic inches of
wood equals one board foot. |
|
bole
|
The trunk of a tree. |
| breast height |
4.5
feet above ground level. See diameter at breast
height. |
| browse |
Tarts of woody plants, including twigs, shoots, and
leaves, eaten by forest animals. |
| bucking |
To cut trees into shorter lengths, such as logs or
cordwood. |
| butt log |
A
log cut from the bole immediately above the stump.
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caliper |
A tool to measure the diameter of a tree. |
|
Cambium
|
A single layer of cells between the woody part
of the tree and the bark. Division of these
cells results in diameter growth of the tree through
formation of wood cells (xylem) and inner bark
(phloem). |
| canopy |
The continuous cover formed by tree crowns in a
forest. There may be several layers of canopy. |
| carrying capacity |
The maximum number of individuals of a wildlife
species that an area can support during the most
unfavorable time of the year. |
|
Cellulose
|
This is the primary material of wood cell walls
and it is 100% non-soluble glucose.
Cellulose is a polymer chain carbohydrate (i.e.
chains of sugar molecules, or polysaccharide) and is
the main constituent of the cell walls of all
plants, accounting for about 50% of the dry weight
of wood. Also, the basic raw material
(chemical compound) used in papermaking. It is the
most widely distributed organic (carbon-based)
compound. It is not water soluble and is extracted
by pulping. |
| clearcut |
The harvest of all the trees in an area. Clear
cutting is used to aid species whose seedlings
require full sunlight to grow well.
|
|
Climax
Forest
|
A forest community that represents the final stage
of natural forest succession for its locality, i.e.
for its environment. |
| clinometer |
An instrument used to determine the height of a
tree. |
| co-dominant tree |
A
tree that extends its crown into the canopy and
receives direct sunlight from above but limited
sunlight from the sides. One or more sides of a co-dominant tree are crowded by the crowns of
dominant trees. |
| commercial clear cut |
A
harvest cut that removes all merchantable timber
from the area. |
| commercial forestland |
Any area capable of producing 20 cubic feet of
timber per acre per year that has not been protected
from such use by law or statute. |
| commercial treatments |
Timber stand improvements, such as thinning, that
generate income from the sale of the trees removed.
|
| community |
A
collection of living organisms thriving in an
organized system through which water, energy, and
nutrients cycle. |
| conifer |
Any tree that produces seeds in cones. See softwood. |
|
Coniferous
|
Cone-bearing trees having needles or scale-like
leaves, usually evergreen, and producing wood known
commercially as 'softwoods.' |
|
consulting forester
|
An independent professional who manages forests and
markets forest products for private Woodland owners.
Consulting foresters do not have direct connections
with firms that buy Wood products, but are retained
by woodland owners as their agents.
|
| Cooperative Extension Service (CES) |
The educational arm of the USDA that links
university research to people who can benefit from
it. |
| cord |
A
unit of wood cut for fuel that is equal to a stack 4
x 4 by 8 feet or 128 cubic feet. A cord is the legal
measure of fuel wood volume in Maryland. |
| cordwood |
Small diameter or low quality wood suitable for
firewood, pulp, or chips. Cordwood is not suitable
for saw logs. |
| critical area |
Land in Maryland that lies within 1,000 feet of the
Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries and is subject to
forestry and other land use regulations.
|
| crook |
A
tree defect characterized by a sharp bend in the
main stem. |
| crop tree |
A young tree of a desirable species with certain
characteristics desired for timber value, Water
quality enhancement, or wildlife or aesthetic uses.
|
|
crown
|
The uppermost branches and foliage of a tree.
|
| crown classes |
Co-dominant, dominant, intermediate, overtopped, and
suppressed. |
| crown cover or crown closure |
The percentage of a given area covered by tree
crowns. |
|
Crown fire
|
A fire burning into the crowns of the
vegetation, generally associated with an intense
understory fire. |
| crown ratio or live-crown ratio |
The ratio of the leaved portion of a tree's height
to its total height. |
| cruise |
A
forest survey used to obtain inventory information
and develop a management plan. |
|
cull
|
A saw timber sized tree that has no timber value as a
result of poor shape or damage from injury, insects
or disease. |
| cutting cycle |
The period of time between major harvests in a stand. |
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deciduous |
Shedding or losing leaves annually; the opposite of
evergreen. Trees such as maple, ash, cherry, and
larch are deciduous. |
|
Decomposers |
Organisms that digest dead organisms to sustain life. |
| defects |
Characteristics of an individual tree that reduce
its quality and utility. |
| den tree |
A
tree with cavities suitable for birds or mammals to
nest in. |
|
Density
|
Number of organisms per unit of space. |
| diameter at breast height (dbh) |
Standard measurement of a tree's diameter, usually
taken at 4 1/2 feet above the ground.
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diameter-limit scale
|
A
timber sale in which all trees over a specified dbh
may be cut. Diameter-limit sales often result in
high grading. |
| dimension lumber |
Hardwood dimension lumber is processed to be used
whole in the manufacture of furniture or other
products. Softwood dimension lumber consists of
boards more than 2 inches thick but less than 5
inches thick. This wood is used in construction and
is sold as 2 by 4s, 4 by 8s, or 2 by 10s.
|
| dominant trees |
Trees that extend above surrounding individuals and
capture sunlight from above and around the crown.
|
| drip torch |
Firefighters use these torches, that drip a flaming
liquid mixture of diesel fuel and gasoline, to
ignite fires in burnout operations. |
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ecology |
The study of interactions between organisms and
their environment. |
| ecosystem |
Organisms and the physical factors that make up
their environment. |
| ecotone |
A
transition area between two distinct, but adjoining,
communities. |
|
edge
|
The boundary between two ecological communities, for
example, field and woodland. Edges provide wildlife
habitat. Consideration of an edge can reduce the
impact of a timber harvest. |
|
endangered species
|
Any species or subspecies in immediate danger of
becoming extinct throughout all or a significant
portion of its range. |
| epicormic branching |
Branches that grow out of the main stem of a tree
from buds produced under the bark. Severe epicormic
branching increases knottiness and reduces lumber
quality. |
| even-aged stand |
A
stand in which the age difference between the oldest
and youngest trees is minimal, usually no greater
than 10 to 20 years. Even-aged stands are
perpetuated by cutting all the trees within a
relatively short period of time. |
| evergreens |
Plants that retain foliage year round.
|
|
Exotic Species
|
A species that is not native to the ecosystem; also
known as invader species. |
| extension forester |
A
Cooperative Extension Service professional who educates woodland owners on
how they can effectively manage their forests |
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Farm Services
Agency (FSA) |
The branch of the U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA) that administers cost-sharing programs for
such forestry practices as tree planting and timber
stand improvement. |
| felling |
the cutting of standing trees. |
| fire pack |
Firefighters use these to carry tools, equipment,
and supplies on their backs. |
| fire resistant
clothing |
These yellow shirts and green pants are the
trademarks of wildland firefighters. |
| fire shelter |
Firefighters use this personal protection as a last
resort if a wildfire traps them and they cannot
escape. Firefighters can get into the tent-like
shelter, made of heat reflective material, in about
25 seconds. |
| fire shovel |
These shovels, specifically designed for
constructing a fireline, feature a tapered blade
with both edges sharpened for scraping, digging,
grubbing, cutting, and throwing dirt. |
| Forest Conservation Act |
|
| forest |
A
biological community dominated by trees and other
woody plants. |
| forest fragmentation |
the subdivision of large natural landscapes into
smaller, more isolated fragments. Fragmentation
affects the viability of wildlife populations and
ecosystems |
| forest types |
Associations
of tree species that have similar ecological
requirements. Maryland forest types include Allegany
hardwood, loblolly-shortleaf, northern hardwood,
oak-gum-cypress, oak hickory, and oak-pine.
|
| forested wetland |
An
area characterized by woody vegetation taller than
20 feet where soil is at least periodically
saturated or covered by water. |
|
forester
|
A
degreed professional trained in forestry and forest
management. In Maryland, all foresters must be
registered with the state. |
| forestry |
The science of tending woodlands. |
|
Forestry Incentives Program (F.I.P.)
|
A
Federal cost-sharing program that reimburse part of
the costs landowners incur in completing certain
forestry practices. The F.I.P. is administered by
the NRCS. |
| fork |
A tree defect characterized by the division of a bole
or main stem into two or more stems.
|
| frilling |
The method of killing trees by inflicting a series
of cuts around the bole and applying an herbicide to
the wounds. Frilling or girdling can be used to
reduce the density of a stand or to kill individual
undesirable trees. |
| fusee |
Firefighters also use these colored flares to ignite
fires in burnout operations. |
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girdling
|
A
method of killing trees by cutting through the stem,
thus interrupting the flow of water and nutrients.
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Groundwater
|
Precipitation which infiltrates the ground and
fills the pores in rocks and soil. |
| group selection |
A
process of harvesting patches of trees to open the
forest canopy and encourage the reproduction of
uneven-aged stands. |
| growth rings |
The
layers of wood a tree adds each season; also called
annual rings. These rings frequently are visible
when a tree is cut and can be used to estimate its
age and growth rate. |
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habitat |
The
ecosystem in which a plant or animal lives and
obtains food and water. |
| hardwoods |
A
general term encompassing broadleaf, deciduous
trees. |
|
harvest
|
The cutting, felling, and gathering of forest
timber. |
| herbaceous vegetation |
Low-growing, non-woody plants, including wildflowers
and ferns, in a forest understory.
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| high grading |
To remove all mature, good quality trees from a
stand and leave inferior species and individuals.
High grading should be distinguished from even-aged
management in which mature and immature trees are
removed to aid regeneration. |
|
Hydric Soils |
Saturated soils that
typically have little oxygen content. |
| hypsometer |
Any of several tools or instruments designed to
measure the height of trees. The clinometer is such
a tool. |
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improvement cut
|
A weeding done in stands of pole-size or larger
trees |
|
Indigenous
|
Pertaining to plants or animals that are native to a
particular region or country. |
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industrial forester
|
A
professional employed by a wood-using industry,
usually a sawmill, who purchases timber from private
woodland owners. Many industrial foresters offer
free forest management or marketing services to the
landowners who sell timber to the forester's
employer. |
| increment borer |
An auger-like tool with a hollow bit designed to
extract cores from tree stems for the determination
of age and growth rate. |
| intermediate crown class |
Trees with crowns that extend into the canopy with
dominant and co-dominate trees. These trees receive
little direct sunlight from above and none from the
sides. Crowns generally are small and crowded on all
sides. |
| intermediate tolerance |
A
characteristic of certain tree species that allows
them to survive, though not necessarily thrive, in
relatively low light conditions. |
| intolerance |
A
characteristic of certain tree species that does not
permit them to survive in the shade of other trees.
|
| introduced species |
A
nonnative species that was intentionally or
unintentionally brought into an area by humans.
|
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inventory, forest
|
A survey of a forest area to determine such data as
area, condition, timber, volume, and species for
specific purposes such as planning, purchase,
evaluation, management, or harvesting |
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kickback |
A strong thrust of the saw back toward the faller
generally resulting from improper use of the nose of
the bar or the pinching of the bar in a cut
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landing |
A cleared area within a timber harvest where
harvested logs are processed, piled, and loaded for
transport to a sawmill or other facility.
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| loblolly-shortleaf forest type |
An
association of tree species common to the
southeastern United States that includes loblolly
and shortleaf pines and oaks. |
| logger |
an individual who harvests timber for a living.
|
|
log rule
|
A
method for calculating wood volume in a tree or log
by using its diameter and length. The international
1/4-inch rule is the legal rule in Maryland.
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| lopping |
Cutting tree tops to a maximum specified height
above the ground after a tree is felled. |
| lump-sum sale |
A
timber sale in which an agreed-on price for marked
standing trees is set before the wood is removed (as
opposed to a unit sale). |
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marking timber |
Indicating by paint or other means which trees are
to be cut or otherwise treated. It is advisable to
mark trees to be harvested twice-once at eye level
and once on the stump. |
|
mast
|
Nuts and seeds, such as acorns, beechnuts, and
chestnuts, of trees that serve as food for wildlife.
|
| mcleod |
Firefighters also use this combination hoe, rake and
scraping tool and rake to remove plants and shrubs
when building a fireline. |
| merchantable height |
The point on a tree stem to which the stem is
salable. Limits are: the point at which a sawlog
tree is less than 8 inches in diameter, measured
inside the bark (dib); the point at which a pulpwood
tree is less than 4 inches dib; or the point on any
tree where a defect is found that cannot be
processed out. |
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Natural Resources Conservation
Service (NRCS)
|
The branch of the USDA that coordinates and
implements soil conservation practices on private
lands. The NRCS can provide woodland owners with
detailed information on his or her soil.
|
| niche |
The physical and functional "address" of an organism
within an ecosystem; or, where a living thing is
found and what it does there. |
| nongame wildlife |
Wildlife species that are protected by state
wildlife laws and can not be hunted. Examples
include songbirds, eagles, etc. |
| nonindustrial private forestland (NIPF) |
Forestland owned by a private individual, group, or
corporation not involved in wood processing.
Eighty-five percent of Maryland's forests are in
this category. |
| nontidal wetlands |
Wetlands not affected by ocean tides. Non-tidal
wetlands are subject to special regulations.
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| northern hardwood forest type |
An association of tree species common to the
Northeastern United States that includes sugar
maple, red maple, yellow birch, hemlock, and
American beech. |
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oak-gum-cypress forest type |
An association of tree species common to the bottom
lands of the Southeastern United States.
|
| oak-hickory forest type |
An association of tree species common to the
Northeastern United States that includes oak,
hickory, yellow poplar, and red maple.
|
|
oak-pine forest type
|
An association of tree species common to the
Southeastern United States that includes loblolly
pine, Virginia pine, northern red oak, and white
ash. |
| old-growth forest |
A
wooded area, usually greater than 200 years of age,
that has never been altered or harvested by humans.
An old-growth forest often has large individual
trees, a multi-layered crown canopy, and a
significant accumulation of coarse woody debris
including snags and fallen logs. |
|
Organic
|
Referring to or derived from living organisms; in
chemistry, any compound containing carbon.
|
|
Organic Matter |
Decomposed plant and animal residues. |
| overmature |
A
quality exhibited by trees that have declined in
growth rate because of old age and loss of vigor.
|
| overstocked |
The situation in which trees are so closely spaced
that they compete for resources and do not reach
full growth potential |
| overstory |
The level of forest canopy that includes the crowns
of dominant, co-dominant, and intermediate trees.
|
| overtopped |
The situation in which a tree cannot sufficiently
extend its crown into the overstory and receive
direct sunlight. Overtopped trees that lack shade
tolerance lose vigor and die. |
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patch cut |
A clearcut on a small area. |
| pole stand |
A
stand of trees whose average dbh is between 4 and 10
inches. |
| pole timber |
Trees 4 to 10 inches dbh. |
| pre-commercial operations |
Cutting in forest stands to remove wood too small to
be marketed. Pre-commercial operations improve
species composition and increase the quality,
growth, and vigor of remaining trees.
|
| pre-commercial treatments |
Forestry operations that require landowner
investment, such as cleaning or weeding stands to
remove trees that have little or no cash value. See
commercial treatments. |
| prospectus |
A document that describes the location of a property,
indicates trees marked for cutting, and states that
the timber will be sold in accordance with a
suitable contact. A prospectus includes the number
of trees marked, their diameter classes, and a
volume estimate for each species. |
| pruning |
The
act of sawing or cutting branches from a living
tree. In forest management, pruning is done to
promote the growth of clear, valuable wood on the
tree bole. |
| pulaski |
Firefighters use this tool, which combines a
single-bitted axe blade for chopping with a narrow
blade for trenching, to clear vegetation when
constructing a fireline. |
|
pulpwood
|
Wood suitable for use in paper manufacturing. |
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regeneration |
The process by which a forest is reseeded and
renewed. Advanced regeneration refers to
regeneration that is established before the existing
forest stand is removed. |
| regeneration cut |
A
timber harvest designed to promote natural
establishment of trees. |
| release |
To remove overtopping trees that compete with
understory or suppressed trees. |
| residual stand |
The trees remaining intact following any cutting
operation. |
| rot |
A tree defect characterized by woody decay in a
standing tree or log. |
| rotation |
The number of years required to grow a stand to a
desired size or maturity. |
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salvage cut |
The removal of dead, damaged, or diseased trees to
recover maximum value prior to deterioration.
|
| sapling |
A
tree at least 4 1/2 feet tall and up to 4 inches in
diameter. |
| sapling stand |
A
stand of trees whose average dbh is between 1 and 4
inches. |
| sawlog |
A
log large enough to be sawed economically on a
sawmill. Saw logs are usually at least 8 inches in
diameter at the small end. |
| sawlog tree |
A
tree at least 11 inches dbh and suitable for
conversion to lumber. Sometimes, trees 11 to 14
inches dbh are called small saw log trees, and trees
larger than 18 inches dbh are called large saw log
trees. |
|
sawtimber
|
Trees from which saw logs can be made. |
| sawtimber stand |
A
stand of trees whose average dbh is greater than 11
inches. |
|
scale stick
|
A
calibrated stick used to estimate wood volume in a
log. |
| sealed-bid sale |
A
timber sale, usually offered through a consulting
forester, in which buyers submit secret bids.
|
| seed tree |
A
mature tree left uncut to provide seed for
regeneration of a harvested stand.
|
| seed-tree harvest |
The felling of all the trees in an area except for a
few desirable individuals that provide seed for the
next forest. |
| selection harvest |
The harvest of all individual trees or small groups
at regular intervals to maintain an uneven-aged
forest. Selection harvests are used to manage
species that do not need sunlight to survive.
|
| service forester |
A
professional forester employed by the Maryland
Department of Natural Resources Forest
Service.
Service foresters help private
woodland owners develop and implement forest
management plans. There is at least one service
forester in each Maryland county. |
| shelterwood harvest |
The harvest of all mature trees in an area in a
series of two or more cuts, leaving enough trees of
other sizes to provide shade and protection for
forest seedlings. |
|
silviculture
|
The art and science of growing forest trees. |
| site |
The combination of biotic, climatic, topographic,
and soil conditions of an area. |
| site index |
A
measure of the quality of a site based on the height
of dominate trees at a specified age (usually 25 or
50 years), depending on the species.
|
| site preparation |
Treatment of an area prior to reestablishment of a
forest stand. Site preparation can include
mechanical clearing, burning, or chemical
(herbicide) vegetation control. |
| skidder |
A
rubber-tired machine with a cable winch or grapple
used to drag logs out of the forest.
|
| skidding |
The act of moving trees from the site of felling to
a leading area or landing. Tractors, horses, or
specialized logging equipment can be used for
skidding. Skidding methods vary in their impact on
soils and the remaining stands. |
|
slash
|
Branches and other woody material left on a site
after logging. |
|
snag
|
A
dead tree that is still standing. Snags provide
important food and cover for a wide variety of
wildlife species. |
|
softwood
|
Any tree in the gymnosperm group, including pines,
hemlocks, larches, spruces, firs, and junipers.
Softwoods often are called conifers although some,
such as junipers and yews do not produce cones.
|
| sprout |
A
tree growing from a cut stump or previously
established root system. |
| stand |
A
group of forest trees of sufficiently uniform
species composition, age, and condition to be
considered a homogeneous unit for management
purposes. |
| stand density |
The quantity of trees per unit area, usually
evaluated in terms of basal area, crown cover and
stocking. |
|
stocking
|
The number and density of trees in a forest stand.
Stands are often classified as understocked,
well-stocked or overstocked. |
| stratification |
Division of a forest, or any ecosystem, into
separate layers of vegetation that provide distinct
niches for wildlife. See canopy, understory, and
herbaceous vegetation. |
| stumpage |
The value of standing trees in a forest.
|
| stumpage price |
The price paid for standing forest trees.
|
| stump height |
The distance from the ground to the top of the
stump. Good logging practice dictates that stumps be
as low as possible (preferably as low as 12 inches)
to reduce waste, to minimize visual impact on the
logging site, and to promote re-sprouting of trees.
|
| succession |
The natural replacement of one plant (or animal)
community by another over time in the absence of
disturbance.
|
| suppressed |
A
tree condition characterized by low growth rate and
low vigor as a result of competition with
overtopping trees. See overtopped.
|
| sustainability |
A state or process that can be maintained
indefinitely. The principles of sustainability
integrate three closely interlined elements, the
environment, the economy, and the social system into
a system that can be maintained in a healthy state
indefinitely. |
|
sustainable forest development
|
The development of forests to meet current needs
without prejudice to their future productivity,
ecological diversity or capacity for regeneration. |
| sustainable forest management |
Management that maintains and enhances the long-term
health of forest ecosystems for the benefit of all
living things while providing environmental,
economic, social, and cultural opportunities for
present and future generations. |
|
sustained yield
|
An
ideal forest management objective in which the
volume of wood removed equals growth within the
total forest. |
|
sweep
|
A
tree defect characterized by a gradual curve in the
main stem. |
| switchback |
A horizontal road curve used for surmounting the
grade of a step hill, usually with a small radius
(1510 m) and curving 180 degrees |
| system
road |
A permanent road required for long-term management
of the forest. |
|
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b, c,
d, e, f,
g, h, i,
j, k, l,
m, n, o,
p, q, r,
s, t, u,
v, w, x,
y, z |
|
thinning |
A
partial cut in an immature, overstocked stand of
trees used to increase the stand's value growth by
concentrating on individuals with the best
potential. |
| threatened species |
A
species or subspecies whose population is so small
or is declining so rapidly that it may become
endangered in all or a significant portion of its
range. |
| timber cruise |
A
forest survey used to obtain inventory information
and develop a management plan. |
|
timber stand improvement (TSI)
|
Any practice that increases the value or rate of
value growth in a stand of potential saw timber
trees. Pruning and thinning are considered TSI.
|
| tolerance |
A
tree species' capacity to grow in shade
|
| tree farm |
A
privately owned forest managed on a multiple use
basis with timber production as an important
management goal.
|
| trim allowance |
The extra 2 or 3 inched left on a bucked log to
allow logs with end checks, pulls, or slanting buck
cuts to be trimmed to standard lumber lengths.
|
|
a,
b, c,
d, e, f,
g, h, i,
j, k, l,
m, n, o,
p, q, r,
s, t, u,
v, w, x,
y, z |
|
undercut |
A notch cut in a tree to
guide the direction of the tree fall and to prevent
splitting or kickback. |
|
under-stocked |
A
stand of trees so widely spaced, that even with full
growth potential realized, crown closure will not
occur. |
| understory |
The level of forest vegetation beneath the canopy. |
|
uneven-aged stand
|
Three or more age classes of trees represented.
|
| unit sale |
A
timber sale in which the buyer makes regular
(weekly, monthly) payments based on mill receipts.
Unit sales are useful when the amount of timber sold
is so large that a pre-harvest, lump-sum payment
would be prohibitive. |
|
a,
b, c,
d, e, f,
g, h, i,
j, k, l,
m, n, o,
p, q, r,
s, t, u,
v, w, x,
y, z |
|
veneer log |
A high-quality log of a desirable species suitable
for conversion to veneer. Veneer logs must be large,
straight, of minimum taper, and free from defects.
|
| virgin forest |
An area of old-growth trees that never has been
harvested by humans. |
|
watershed |
A region defined by patterns of stream drainage. A
watershed includes all the land that contributes
water to a particular stream or river. |
|
Wedge |
A plastic or metal tool used by a faller to prevent
a tree from falling backwards, redistribute a tree's
weight to a desired direction and to prevent the bar
from being pinched while bucking. |
|
well-stocked |
The situation in which a forest stand contains trees
spaced widely enough to prevent competition yet
closely enough to utilize the entire site.
|
| Widow Maer |
Any loose overhead debris such as limbs or tree tops
that may fall at any time.
|
| wildlife habitat |
The native environment of an animal. Habitats
ideally provide all the elements needed for life and
growth: food, water, cover and space.
|
| windthrow |
A
tree felled by wind or tornado. Wind throws, also
known as blow downs, are common among shallow-rooted
species and in areas where cutting has reduced stand
density. |
| wolf tree |
A
large older tree with a spreading crown and little
or no timber value, but often great value for
wildlife. |
| woodland |
A
biological community dominated by trees and other
woody plants. |
|
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b,
c,
d,
e,
f,
g,
h,
i,
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k,
l,
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